Summary Of The Of The Village Of Today s World

Nicholas Price Mr. Crotser English 1301 9, June 2016 â€Å"Stranger in the Village of Today’s World† In â€Å"Black Body: Rereading James Baldwin’s â€Å"Stranger in the Village† by Teju Cole he makes the â€Å"Stranger in the Village† by James Baldwin a lot more comprehensive which helps to see the persuasion that Cole is trying to perform. He is persuading us to believe that our world is both similar and different to the world described by Baldwin. Though he proves his assertion with facts and that’s is what I am going represent. The differences between the world then and now are that there are most definitely more blacks now then there was in the period when Baldwin wrote the essay for starters. Baldwin experience a lot of discrimination since â€Å"the first day [he] arrived, and the children shout Neger! Neger! as [he] walk[ed] along the streets. As of today you may not encounter that as common as it was before as the people there probably didn’t see black people as often. The society has been greatly altered since then and the coming to accept the presence of blacks, though there is a few still that don’t. Next there is also the evolution of black history in white lives now as Cole said he I sat down to [eat] lunch at the Rà ¶merhof restaurant one afternoon—that day, all the customers and staff were white—the music playing overhead was Whitney Houston’s â€Å"I Wanna Dance with Somebody.† The world is different from when Baldwin wrote the essay because of the fa ct blacks then were not allowed theShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of The Niger Delta Region Of Southern Nigeria1200 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence from the oil industry (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). In 1956, after World War II, Shell Oil Company from Britain began searching for oil deposits in new territory, with discovery of oil in the Niger Delta, Nigeria (Unknown, UNPO, 2009). Prior to the globalization of the oil industry, the Ogoni culture, had a culture of tradition expanding over 500 years. 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The Problem, Unemployment, Occurred Of China And Its...

Introduction: In contemporary China, the flourish economy is of great benefits to many industries such as agriculture, urban housing, taxation and medical care, GDP have a buoyant trend at 7.5%, which causes a spurious fact that too many job opportunities can be created by the enhancement of living standard. However, the statistics from World Bank shows that the GDP of China have a slow upward on economy growth in the past decades, which from 11.4% to 7.4%, the year between 2007 and 2008 dramatically in particular. The inflation (consumer prices) also depicts ongoing slumping trend during the period, hit bottom at -0.7% in 2009.All the truths give rise to a fact that the many job opportunities are exploited by cutting down the number of workers, close-down of small industries and so on. In this paper, I detail the real problem, unemployment, occurred in China and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiencyofonestrategytakenbygovernment. Figure 1. GDP growth(annual %) between 2005 and 2015 (Source: World Bank http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2country=CHNseries= period=#) Figure 2 Inflation, consumer prices(annual %) (source from World Bank http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2country=CHNseries= period=) ThetypesofemploymentinChina The social problem comes from controversial social condition and consensus social issue, the origin and affect of social issues is itself (Charon, 2001). According to world development indicator, theShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression Of The 1930s Essay1689 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Crisis on the other hand, was a more recent recession caused by sub-prime mortgages and mortgage backed securities, that didn’t have as much of a lasting effect as it did on having a spreading effect on other economies. 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European Journal of Special Needs Education

Question: Understanding how health and social care services and system support individuals and intervention strategies that support individual with specific need? Answer: Introduction: Task 1 of this assignment discusses the concept of health, illness, disability of several individual within the setting of health and social care services. This assignment also discusses the changing perception of individual in accordance with different types of disability within the individual people. This section of this assignment has also discussed the social policy, legislation related to the individual demand within the health and social care services. Analyzing the concept of health, illness, disability and behavior within health and social care services: Health refers to the state of social, mental and physical well being of an individual person.[1] Health can be referred as the effective wellbeing of an individual in order to perform daily activities and duties or responsibilities of daily life and work of the individual. According to the definition of World Health Organization, health is a state of physical, mental and social well being without any disease or illness in the physical and mental state of the individual. [2] On the other hand, illness refers to the certain disorder of a person that often makes him/her physically as well as mentally impaired for long and short term of his/her life. An ill person becomes very much dependent to other persons while doing any work or taking any action. [3] As per the definitions of some popular dictionary, illness refers to a sudden unhealthy and specific condition of a person within his/her body or mind. The condition of illness often prevents s the body of a human being from the regular routine activity of the daily life. [4] According to the Disability Discrimination Act, disability refers to mental and physical impairment that has a substantial as well as negative impact on the day-to-day duties and responsibilities of a human being. On the other hand, disability can be referred as an umbrella term of impairments, limited activity, restrictive participation etc. Impairment can be referred as a problem within the structure and function of the body of a human being. Limited activity of a human being can be considered as a difficulty of an individual in order to perform a particular action or task. [5] On the other hand, the problem of participation restriction refers to the problem of involvement within a particular situation of life. Therefore, disability is a not a health problem it can be considered as a critical as well as complex phenomenon of life. [6]As a complex phenomenon, disability of a person reflects the interaction between the characteristics of the body of a human being or the characteristics of the society where he/she lives. A disable person needs interventions in order to reduce the barriers within the social and environmental context. [7] On the other hand, it can be stated that, disability can be a part of human condition of every human being of society. Every human being has faced issue at permanent and temporary basis in some point of his or her life. As an example, every person at the old age has to face difficulty and disability within the regular operation of his or her life. Non-disabled persons often take responsibility to provide care to the disable person. Every person have to face some moral and political and ethical issues in order to provide support and care to the disable person. [8] However, behavioral issues refer to the specific change within the behavior of the people for a certain cause. Behavioral issue often leads to some serious illness and mental illness as well as depression of the people within the normal setting of society and environment. People with different behavioral issue often have become quite and the normal people of the society are often withdrawing them. This type of people also has become very much aggressive and unsocial. Various types of antisocial elements have been increased within the mind of these people who often has been characterized with different behavioral issues. Therefore, the medical model of health and illness has given an outline of the concept of health and illness within the individual people. According to the medical model, it can be analyzed that people go to take medicine at the time of their illness or healthy disability not at the time of wellbeing of their health. Promotion of positive health is very effective as well as useful for developing the healthy wellbeing of the people within the society. Medical model of health and illness therefore focuses upon the pathological processes of uncover the particular problems of health and disability as well as illness of an individual human being. Assessing the process of change within the perception of specific disability of individuals: The health needs are similar within the disable and non-disable people of society like cancer screening, immunization, different tests etc. Disable persons also face some inequalities from the people of the society or the health and social care setting of the society. Within the early days, several disable people have experienced narrow margin of health because of social exclusion and poverty within the society. The disable people also have faced some inequalities in order to use healthcare from many setting of health and social care within the society. [9] They often have faced barriers in order to access the services of health and rehabilitation within much health and social care setting of different regions. There are many developing countries where the level of poverty and inequalities within society is very huge. Therefore, the disable people of this region have faced more dangerous situation in order to use primary as well as necessary clinical activity for their disability. Concept and perception of people are so rigid within this region. Most of the people are filled with superstitions activities regarding disability or other physical and mental illness within the developing countries of the world. [10] On the other hand, it can be stated that, now the perceptions of the people have changed within the society. Disable person have been continuously featured in media. Over the past different channels of media have projected few years many disable person. Media with generic attitude towards the disable person have projected Different sportsperson with disable activity. The report of World Health Organization has shown that approximately 15% people within 1 billion people are overcoming regular days with disability. In the case of United Kingdom, one people among 10 are lived with disability in health. [11] The report of World Health Organization has suggested that disable people within the society often face problem with poor health outcome, low achievement of education. They often face problem regarding huge level of dependency and restricted participation within different perspective of the society. Disable people also have faced issues of low employment rates. They often face less respect from the non-disable people or peer within the employer organization. Disable people often face problem regarding natural or normal life being within the society. The other non-disable person for the sake of society should stop discrimination and inequalities among the disable person. Disable person should be considered as a normal human being within the society. However, disability depends on the cultural, social, economical and historical elements within the society. However, the concept of disability has changed over the time within the society. Treatment of the people within the society has been changed by the development of the time and society. Within the changing phase of today the understanding as well as recognition of different changing nature of disability has become very essential and important in order to develop the changing understanding about the nature of disability among the people of the society. The people and society should focus upon the changing scenario of the disable people within the society. [12] However, the sorrowful image of disabled person has been replaced with the positive focus on equality like other physically able person of the society. The image of disable person is more pity and demands for care as well as dependable to the other able person of their family, friends and other person of the society. Therefore, this pathetic and sorrowful image of disable person has been replaced with a positive and more natural image within the society. An Olympic game has been organized for disable persons. Extensive levels of media coverage about the disable person also help to change the mind of normal people within the society. [13] However, the representation of disable person with various types of coverage of media has been helped to change the mind of the people and the political authority or the government of a particular country. Projections of disabled persons within different films have also helped to project positive impact upon the disable person also. The disable person has been motivated through these types of films. Several types of coverage, news, documentaries, and films have helped to generate positive thoughts and motivation within the person with disability. These elements have also helped to change the same negative thoughts of the other normal people to the disable person of the society. [14] Analyzing the impact of social policy, legislation, society and culture within the specific individual needs of the disable person of health and social care setting: Social role Valorization theory: The individual needs of a disabled person can be analyzed with a theory called Social Role Valorization theory. This theory has discussed the concept of management of human relationship and human service within the society. Major goal or objective of Social Role Valorization theory is to support various types of socially valued roles for the people within the society. Therefore, the relevancy of this theory is for the two types of people within the society. Socially devalued people and who has the tendency to be devalued within the society is being referred to this theory. The disable person can be involved in the socially devalued people according to this theory. This theory has been distinguished the image enhancement program within the socially devalued people of the organization. However, the process of image enhancement can be done within different levels of society; those are as follows: The individual Primary social system of the individual, like family, friends Social system within the intermediate level, like community, neighborhood etc Larger society of the individual, like different groups within society The level of action primarily enhances the image of the people and enhances the personal competencies of the individual person within the society. [15] Inclusion policies for disabled children: It can be stated that, inclusion refers to the provision of free atmosphere of the people with disability within the sector. Inclusion refers to different policies those have emphasized to the universal design of policy-oriented action to the disable person of the society. Inclusion deals with different policy oriented task for the improvement of disable persons within the society.[16] The Council for Disabled Children (CDC) has provided a national forum in order to discuss as well as develop wide variety of practices and policies for providing support to the disable children and young people within the society. CDC has published a policy on inclusion for developing the nature of disabled person within the society. Therefore, the mission statement of this council is to develop the rights of the disabled persons. It also speaks about the nature of people towards the disabled person within the society. The objective of this council is to enable different persons in order to contribute the abilities and potentiality within the disabled person. On the other hand, community care initiatives are most effective and important effort in order to enable as well as enhance more care within the disable person of the society. [17] Equality Law: NHS (National Health Service) of the United Kingdom has also given proper scenario for the equalities within all types of people within the society. This law is considered as the protection of discrimination in spite of disability within the society. Equality Law, 2010 has protected the people from any types of harassment or discrimination because the disability of the people within the society. [18 This task is a review document of understanding the necessity of services and system of individual care. Some intervention strategies have been reviewed in this section. This portion analyzes the appropriate recommendations for Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This disease mainly affects the children. Theories regarding risk management of this disorder and various types of strategies for securing this disorder of individuals have been properly reviewed in this task. Analyzing the necessity of care for Autism Spectrum Disability using the triad of impairments: Asperger syndrome is the most recognized syndrome of Autism disorder. This syndrome affects the brain of the individual and the communication process of the individual. Autism affected individual have average intelligence regarding other people of the society. These people have few speech problems while uttering words to others. [19] On the other hand, it can be stated that, people of asperger syndrome often face difficulties with different organizational skills and co ordination skills with other people. Autism affected individual also have affected by phobias and fears. Tendency of fear is very regular within the daily life of these children. Autism affected individual face difficulties within three main areas of their lives; those are socialization, communication and inflexibility. [20] Communication is very important and essential for sustaining within the daily social life of an individual. Autism affected individual often faces issues in dealing with different person with different mode of communication. Autism affected individual does not understand the meaning of sign language. They often misunderstand the meaning of other people. The tone of voice of autism-affected people is also different from normal people. Therefore, other often misunderstands these persons within the society. Autism affected people also face problems in order to socialize with other in a social function or other type of social gatherings. [21] Analyzing two current systems for supporting the autism affected individual: There are different types of systems those can support the autism affected people within the society. Advocacy and TEACCH can be two important system of support that can be incorporated by people in order to provide support to the autism affected individual. Therefore, the form of advocacy helps to ensure the vulnerable people who can be able to safeguard their rights within the society. Advocate provides legal support to the needy people of the society through providing legal support to the individual. Symptoms of autism mainly prevent the communication of those individuals to other persons around them within the framework of the society. Autism is a developmental disease as the person grows the symptoms increase. Therefore, an advocate can help the autism-affected individual in order to express the thoughts of the individual. The advocate can also help to interpret the process of information regarding the rights of the affected individual. [22] On the other hand, it can be stated that, TEACCH can be one of the important system in order to support the autism affected individual. TEACCH means Treatment Education of Autism and related Communication Handicapped Children. The services of this association help to co-operate with different autism affected people. This service also helps to maintain an effective communication with this autism affected individual. Different types of Clinical services of TEACCH provides diagnostic evaluations, process of training and parent support groups, individual counseling, intervention groups etc. [23] TEACCH has developed different types of intervention approach for autism-affected people. Different types of teaching methods and communication methods are required for the autism-affected individual. Motivation can be the most important task for providing learning to the autism-affected individual. Different categories pictures, other types of illustrations those help the individuals in order to understand the actual or proper meaning of others within the same framework of society should teach an autistic child. Academic skills must be broken down in small segments. [24] Evaluating services for autism in my workplace and choice of therapies for supporting the individual: My workplace is Hackney Day Centre; it seeks to provide commitment to the individuals who are affected by autism spectrum disorder. This centre aims to support the individuals with person-centered approach. The program of this centre is to provide the process of skill building with various types of evidence based clinical practices and approaches for providing support to rectify the symptoms of autism. This centre seeks to provide person centered approach to every individual who is autism affected individual. Person centered approach means that every individual gets individual care in accordance with the necessity, demand and wishes. Person centered approach can be the best strategy to evaluate the communication and interaction problems of individual. The staffs of this center are very helpful. They always take care of every autistic patient with gentle care and co-operation. They try to maintain an effective framework of communication as per the requirements of the patients within the health care setting. This centre also seeks to provide special care for the children who are affected by the symptoms of autism. This centre takes many actions for bringing back the confidence of the patient. [25] In my school, there were different sessions for the autism-affected children. Children with autism could be able to attend special class of behavioral management. In the place of work of mine, I always have worked for the disable persons. I have found that, social interaction is the only solution in order to support the disabilities of autism-affected individual. Social interaction and effective communication are very essential to co ordinate with different autism-affected persons within the work place. [26] Explaining the approaches and interventions for supporting the individuals when necessary: However,self-help is the important and essential approach to overcome the symptoms of autism in certain level. Effective process of training and development can help to overcome the particular problems of Autistic patients. The users of training service can be helpful for overcoming the problem situation of autistic individual. A Mental Capacity Act can provide effective protection for the Autism affected individual. Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides the framework for protecting the people by providing effective decisions. Mental Capacity Act provides assessment to the people in order to take effective decisions on behalf of their mental illness or disabilities. Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides safeguard on behalf of the mental illness and mental impairments. Therefore it can be stated that, an effective multidisciplinary team can help the autistic patients in order to help the disable persons in order to make effective decisions regarding their mental illness and related elements. A multidisciplinary team can be very effective for taking proper decisions regarding a major operation of an autistic patient. The autistic patient cannot be able to take their own decisions as because they have no capacity to make their own choice. Therefore, multidisciplinary team can co-operate and co ordinate with the autistic patient to be able to take effective choice for their clinical operation. [27] On the other hand, it can be stated that, there are different types of bio medical treatments those can help to secure the autistic patients. Bio medical do not always refers to the process of intervention to the patients.[28] The term bio medical refers to the glutamine injections, chelating therapy and other types of bio medical treatments are associated with the process of treatment. However it can be stated that, speech and language therapy is also effective as well as important techniques for overcoming the problems of autistic patients. Autistic patients should get additional and special care of speech and language delivery of those autism-affected people. Source of communication problem should be overcome by the therapy of speech and language. Language therapy also helps to promote effective techniques of speech and language for the autistic children. [29] The behavior of the autistic patients should also be enhanced by the speech and language therapy. Therefore, the speech development process should also enhance the behavioral problem of the child. This particular type of therapy of language and speech can increase enthusiasm among the children. Autistic children have the tendency to repeat a word for three times. Therefore, spoken and written language development is very required and essential for the development of health and mental condition of the autistic child. [30] Evaluating the process of biomedical, language and speech therapy: Speech and language therapy are very essential for developing the child with the symptoms of autism. Therefore, the treatments of autism should be done with the effective process of communication. Effective communication is very effective for dealing with autism and the patients of autism. Therefore, the bio medical treatments: like some medicine, proper diet is very essential for developing the behavior of the students. The effective process of interaction and communication should clarify the challenging behavior of the patients. [31] Discussing the impact of technological development in order to support autism affected individual: Technological development is one of the important phenomenons for developing the condition of autistic patients. Various types of technological improvements help the patients to develop the present condition of the patient. Therefore, the technological implication is very important as well as essential for developing the current state of the social and health are setting of different regions. [32]The mental condition of different people should also be changed for doing pleasant behavior to the autistic patients. Medical technology refers to different developed equipments, procedure and some scientific methods. These improved methods of technology can help to evaluate the current state of autistic patients. [33] On the other hand, some other types of technological implications; like email, blog, social networking sites have affected upon the process of developing the work of autistic patients. Different types of communication method are necessary for the autistic patients. Doctors and nurses should learn new skills of communication and interaction with the autistic patients in accordance with the specific needs and demands of the autistic patients within the health and social care setting. [34] Describing the concept of challenging behavior: However, challenging behavior refers to an abnormal behavior that is against normal behavior of the psychological and social framework. Challenging behavior often refers to the behavior of intensity, physical safety, frequency or duration etc. People of challenging behavior often deny getting easy access of the normal framework of society and communal facilities. [35] On the other hand, it can be stated that, an autistic patient often behaves wrongly in accordance with the normal framework of behavior within a society. An autistic patient feels difficulty at the time of communication with other people around them. They have problems in order to utter some words with others. [36]They also face problems with hearing. They often have lacked from different words as they have lack of vocabulary. Communication problem is the most important problem among the autistic patients. This is the challenging behavior within the autistic patients. Analyzing the impact of challenging behavior within a health and social care organization: A health and social care organization needs to support the challenging behavior of autistic patients. The health care organization should provide enough support to the individual in order to behave with normal and regular characteristics. Health care organization should provide support to understand the difficulties of specific areas of different individual. [37]The staffs of the organization should provide effective support to the individual patient. The staffs should maintain effective co-operation and interaction with the patients. Behavioral issues of those patients should be concerned with gentle care and understanding. [38] Describing intervention strategists to deal with challenging behavior: In order to take effective intervention strategies an organization should take cognitive behavior therapy in order to deal with the patients of challenging behavior. This therapy can be done by addressing the process of action and the responses of the patients in accordance with the disease. Cognitive behavior therapy can be delivered through various types of ways. The ways include within the family, individual, group etc. Autistic children often have historical and emotional challenge within the behavioral implications of the child. Therefore, parents should know the process of protecting the child from various types of negative experiences of society. Effective communication plays an important and effective role in order to affect upon the behavioral problem of the autistic children. [39] Reference list Abbott, Lesley, Roy McConkey and Michael Dobbins, 'Key Players In Inclusion: Are We Meeting The Professional Needs Of Learning Support Assistants For Pupils With Complex Needs?' (2011) 26 European Journal of Special Needs Education Angela Di Marsilio, Dario Siniscalco, 'Ethics In Autism Care' (2013) 03 Autism Autismeducationtrust.org.uk, HOME - Autism Education Trust (2015) https://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/ Badzek, Laurie et al, 'Ethical, Legal, And Social Issues In The Translation Of Genomics Into Health Care' (2013) 45 Journal of Nursing Scholarship Barnes, Pearl, 'Special Educational Needs: The Key Concepts - By Philip Garner' (2011) 26 Support for Learning Barnes, Pearl, 'Special Educational Needs: The Key Concepts - By Philip Garner' (2011) 26 Support for Learning Baumberg, Ben, 'Understanding Disability Policy' (2013) 28 Disability Society Bazzano, Manu, 'One More Step: From Person-Centered To Eco-Centered Therapy' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Bazzano, Manu, 'One More Step: From Person-Centered To Eco-Centered Therapy' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Boardman, F., 'Experiential Knowledge Of Disability, Impairment And Illness: The Reproductive Decisions Of Families Genetically At Risk' (2013) 18 Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine Brssow, Harald, 'What Is Health?' (2013) 6 Microbial Biotechnology Cohen, I. Glenn, The Globalization Of Health Care (Oxford University Press, 2013) Dodd, Steven, 'Personalising Public Services: Understanding The Personalisation Narrative' (2013) 28 Disability Society Evans, Ruth and Gill Plumridge, 'Inclusion, Social Networks And Resilience: Strategies, Practices And Outcomes For Disabled Children And Their Families' (2007) 6 Social Policy and Society Fovet, Frederic, 'Mental Illness In The Workplace Psychological Disability Management' [2015] Disability Society Freeman, S. and C. Kasari, 'Parent-Child Interactions In Autism: Characteristics Of Play' (2013) 17 Autism Happ, Francesca, 'International Society For Autism Research News' (2013) 6 Autism Res Hearn, Michael, 'A Guide For Advocates Supporting People With Learning Disabilities Who Are Described As Having Challenging Behaviour' (2010) 4 Adv Mental Hlth Intell Disabil Holdstock, T. Len, 'Towards A Paradigm Shift In The Person-Centered Approach' (2011) 10 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Hyman, Steven, Autism (Taylor and Francis, 2013) Kirschenbaum, Howard, 'What Is Person-Centered ? A Posthumous Conversation With Carl Rogers On The Development Of The Person-Centered Approach' (2012) 11 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Kirschenbaum, Howard, 'What Is Person-Centered ? A Posthumous Conversation With Carl Rogers On The Development Of The Person-Centered Approach' (2012) 11 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Kronenfeld, Jennie J, Social Determinants, Health Disparities And Linkages To Health And Health Care (Emerald, 2013) Lifshitz, Heftziba and Yaacov J. Katz, 'Religious Concepts Among Individuals With Intellectual Disability: A Comparison Between Adolescents And Adults' (2009) 24 European Journal of Special Needs Education Matthews, Helen, 'Policy Implementation In Wales: Current Implications For Welsh People With Learning Disabilities And Complex Mental Health Needs Including Challenging Behaviour' (2007) 1 Adv Mental Hlth Learn Disabil Mulvany, Julie, 'Disability, Impairment Or Illness? The Relevance Of The Social Model Of Disability To The Study Of Mental Disorder' (2000) 22 Sociol Health Illness Nikolaev, Evgeni, 'Person-Centered Medicine And The Sociocultural Approach In Psychotherapy' [2011] ijpcm Nikolaev, Evgeni, 'Person-Centered Medicine And The Sociocultural Approach In Psychotherapy' [2011] ijpcm Noll, S., 'Mental Illness And Learning Disability Since 1850: Finding A Place For Mental Disorder In The United Kingdom' (2006) 19 Social History of Medicine Preston-Shoot, Michael and Judy McKimm, 'Exploring UK Medical And Social Work Students Legal Literacy: Comparisons, Contrasts And Implications' (2013) 21 Health Social Care in the Community Salem, Abdelbaky Arafa, 'The Impact Of Teaching Academic Education Course Of Children With Special Needs In The Ordinary Schools On Students Attitudes Toward Inclusion Of Disabled Children' (2013) 2 JEL Seale, Jane, Melanie Nind and Ben Simmons, 'Transforming Positive Risk-Taking Practices: The Possibilities Of Creativity And Resilience In Learning Disability Contexts' (2013) 15 Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research Shally-Jensen, Michael, Mental Health Care Issues In America (ABC-CLIO, 2013) Stinckens, Nele, Germain Lietaer and Mia Leijssen, 'Working With The Inner Critic: Therapeutic Approach' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Tolar, T. D. et al, 'Cognitive Profiles Of Mathematical Problem Solving Learning Disability For Different Definitions Of Disability' [2014] Journal of Learning Disabilities Volkmar, Fred R, Encyclopedia Of Autism Spectrum Disorders (Springer, 2013) Whalen, Karen, 'Working With Incongruence In A Wholebody Focusing Oriented Approach To Psychotherapy: Towards A Mutuality Of Shared Presence' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Whalen, Karen, 'Working With Incongruence In A Wholebody Focusing Oriented Approach To Psychotherapy: Towards A Mutuality Of Shared Presence' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Young, David C., 'Incongruencing. A Focusing-Oriented Approach' (2013) 12 Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies Zeleke *, Seleshi, 'Self Concepts Of Students With Learning Disabilities And Their Normally Achieving Peers: A Review' (2004) 19 European Journal of Special Needs Education Lesley Abbott, Roy McConkey and Michael Dobbins, 'Key Players In Inclusion: Are We Meeting The Professional Needs Of Learning Support Assistants For Pupils With Complex Needs?' (2011) 26European Journal of Special Needs Education. Dario Siniscalco Angela Di Marsilio, 'Ethics In Autism Care' (2013) 03Autism. Laurie Badzek et al, 'Ethical, Legal, And Social Issues In The Translation Of Genomics Into Health Care' (2013) 45Journal of Nursing Scholarship. Pearl Barnes, 'Special Educational Needs: The Key Concepts - By Philip Garner' (2011) 26Support for Learning. Pearl Barnes, 'Special Educational Needs: The Key Concepts - By Philip Garner' (2011) 26Support for Learning. Ben Baumberg, 'Understanding Disability Policy' (2013) 28Disability Society. Manu Bazzano, 'One More Step: From Person-Centered To Eco-Centered Therapy' (2013) 12Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Manu Bazzano, 'One More Step: From Person-Centered To Eco-Centered Therapy' (2013) 12Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. F. Boardman, 'Experiential Knowledge Of Disability, Impairment And Illness: The Reproductive Decisions Of Families Genetically At Risk' (2013) 18Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine. Harald Brssow, 'What Is Health?' (2013) 6Microbial Biotechnology. I. Glenn Cohen,The Globalization Of Health Care(Oxford University Press, 2013). Steven Dodd, 'Personalising Public Services: Understanding The Personalisation Narrative' (2013) 28Disability Society. Ruth Evans and Gill Plumridge, 'Inclusion, Social Networks And Resilience: Strategies, Practices And Outcomes For Disabled Children And Their Families' (2007) 6Social Policy and Society. Frederic Fovet, 'Mental Illness In The Workplace Psychological Disability Management' [2015]Disability Society. S. Freeman and C. Kasari, 'Parent-Child Interactions In Autism: Characteristics Of Play' (2013) 17Autism. David C. Young, 'Incongruencing. A Focusing-Oriented Approach' (2013) 12Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Francesca Happ, 'International Society For Autism Research News' (2013) 6Autism Res. Michael Hearn, 'A Guide For Advocates Supporting People With Learning Disabilities Who Are Described As Having Challenging Behaviour' (2010) 4Adv Mental Hlth Intell Disabil. Autismeducationtrust.org.uk,HOME - Autism Education Trust(2015) https://www.autismeducationtrust.org.uk/. T. Len Holdstock, 'Towards A Paradigm Shift In The Person-Centered Approach' (2011) 10Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Steven Hyman,Autism(Taylor and Francis, 2013). Howard Kirschenbaum, 'What Is Person-Centered? A Posthumous Conversation With Carl Rogers On The Development Of The Person-Centered Approach' (2012) 11Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Howard Kirschenbaum, 'What Is Person-Centered? A Posthumous Conversation With Carl Rogers On The Development Of The Person-Centered Approach' (2012) 11Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Jennie J Kronenfeld,Social Determinants, Health Disparities And Linkages To Health And Health Care(Emerald, 2013). Heftziba Lifshitz and Yaacov J. Katz, 'Religious Concepts Among Individuals With Intellectual Disability: A Comparison Between Adolescents And Adults' (2009) 24European Journal of Special Needs Education. Helen Matthews, 'Policy Implementation In Wales: Current Implications For Welsh People With Learning Disabilities And Complex Mental Health Needs Including Challenging Behaviour' (2007) 1Adv Mental Hlth Learn Disabil. Julie Mulvany, 'Disability, Impairment Or Illness? The Relevance Of The Social Model Of Disability To The Study Of Mental Disorder' (2000) 22Sociol Health Illness. Karen Whalen, 'Working With Incongruence In A Wholebody Focusing Oriented Approach To Psychotherapy: Towards A Mutuality Of Shared Presence' (2013) 12Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Evgeni Nikolaev, 'Person-Centered Medicine And The Sociocultural Approach In Psychotherapy' [2011]ijpcm. Evgeni Nikolaev, 'Person-Centered Medicine And The Sociocultural Approach In Psychotherapy' [2011]ijpcm. S. Noll, 'Mental Illness And Learning Disability Since 1850: Finding A Place For Mental Disorder In The United Kingdom' (2006) 19Social History of Medicine. Seleshi Zeleke *, 'Selfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Concepts Of Students With Learning Disabilities And Their Normally Achieving Peers: A Review' (2004) 19European Journal of Special Needs Education. Michael Preston-Shoot and Judy McKimm, 'Exploring UK Medical And Social Work Students Legal Literacy: Comparisons, Contrasts And Implications' (2013) 21Health Social Care in the Community. Nele Stinckens, Germain Lietaer and Mia Leijssen, 'Working With The Inner Critic: Therapeutic Approach' (2013) 12Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapies. Abdelbaky Arafa Salem, 'The Impact Of Teaching Academic Education Course Of Children With Special Needs In The Ordinary Schools On Students Attitudes Toward Inclusion Of Disabled Children' (2013) 2JEL. T. D. Tolar et al, 'Cognitive Profiles Of Mathematical Problem Solving Learning Disability For Different Definitions Of Disability' [2014]Journal of Learning Disabilities. Fred R Volkmar,Encyclopedia Of Autism Spectrum Disorders(Springer, 2013). Jane Seale, Melanie Nind and Ben Simmons, 'Transforming Positive Risk-Taking Practices: The Possibilities Of Creativity And Resilience In Learning Disability Contexts' (2013) 15Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research. Michael Shally-Jensen,Mental Health Care Issues In America(ABC-CLIO, 2013).

Review of Jack Londons Short Story, The Law of Life Essay Example

Review of Jack Londons Short Story, The Law of Life Essay The Law of Life  follows Koskoosh, an elder member of an indigenous tribe in the Klondike, through his final living hours. Because of the harsh environment, scarcity of food, and the importance of the groups survival, the tribe abandons the blind, old man in the tundra with only a fire burning nearby and a few pieces of wood to sustain it. While the man waits for death, the reader learns, through Koskooshs memory, of his life, his tribes traditions, and the laws of nature to which hed always known he was subject.This essay will explore Londons tale by explaining its attractiveness to a broad audience; by detailing Koskoosh as a character; and by illustrating some laws of life to which London introduces the reader, both explicit and implicit. If the description of The Law of Life read simply The Death of an Indigenous Tribesman in the Klondike, many readers would immediately turn away. Worded like that, the topic appears irrelevant to the average American audience.Still, London mana ged to bring an audience whose lives are vastly different from the storys main character, people who would never find themselves in Koskooshs situation, into the story by focusing on a something all human beings eventually face regardless of their lifestyles: the inevitability of death. The reader does not have to know anything about the tribe to relate to the character; the thoughts before death of this man reflect what many imagine their own thoughts will include: memories of youth, life, and family mixed with fear.In addition to the common ground upon which both the reader and the character stand, the story itself is written in a manner that allows for widespread readership. Though the topic is complex, the words themselves are not. London does not use flowery language nor does he over-complicate to get his point across. Instead, he opts to tell his story naturally and simplistically. This straight-to-the-point technique works well in a story that deals with abandoning something unnecessary for the good of the whole. To convolute it would injure the story itself and discourage the audience from reading it in the first place.Although the storys length limits the amount of growth one can expect to see in a character, the reader understands that the dying, old Koskoosh in the story is not the same Koskoosh of his youth. While he did not complain about his fate, he becomes sympathetic to other living beings that were abandoned when the group deemed them a burden, though in his childhood he would not have given further thought to leaving an old tribe member behind to die. He had even left his own father when it was his time (London 392. ) The reader witnesses this change of perspective the most when he relates the tale of the moose being chased by wolves.When he was a child, Koskoosh and his friend wanted to watch the moose die, and were even excited about it, remembering, How Zing-ha and he felt the bloodlust quicken! The finish would be a sight to see! (393. ) He then goes on to tell about how the moose, against the odds, fought the wolves because it wanted to live. When the wolves encircle Koskoosh in the end of the story, he again recalls the mooses final stand (394. ) While he decides that fighting the wolves in his case is hopeless, hes still very sympathetic to the mooses desire for life.Even he had been upset that his granddaughter did not bring him more wood, despite her duty to the tribe. Likewise, he still held out hope that his son would return for him. (393) But in his own youth, he would have done the same as they had, but as death gets nearer, he gets a bit upset that they are following tradition. Though as a person, I did not want Koskoosh to be devoured by wolves in the end, as a reader, I understand that that was the only way to end the story without losing its legitimacy. Had his son returned or had Koskoosh died peacefully, the entire law of life theme would have been rendered irrelevant.To make such a bold statement a s nature did not care(391), and then end with a rescue or a quiet death would have shown some benevolence on behalf of the environment, contrary to the whole story from the beginning. Though Koskoosh feels some sympathy for those who have been through what he is going though, he does not feel regret because deep down he understands the death is a law of life, and, like the ending of this tale, it is merciless. It could not have been written any other way. Besides illustrating to the reader that death is an inevitability, there other lessons one can draw from this story.First, there is the fact that while Koskoosh grew up understanding the laws of nature, most Americans do not live close to the earth in a sense and may not know these laws (391. ) Despite this, all humans, whether they know them or not, are still subject to them. Second, the survival of man relies on nature. When there was a great famine, the tribe almost did not make it (392. ) Likewise, industrialized society would not make it if not for agriculture in rural areas or in other parts of the world. Although it is not seen everywhere, nature still has a huge hand in the lives of all humans.One major theme that stands out in the story is the question of the ethical treatment of the elderly and dying. London does an expert job at allowing the reader to pity Koskoosh without viewing his tribe as cruel. While it is understood that this must happen to ensure the survival of that particular group, the reader still sees the functioning and living mind of this old man. According to the philosophy of dualism, a human being is a combination of two distinct parts: a body and mind (Creel 240) This is a very common assumption. Most people believe that a person maintains their personhood so long as their mind still functions.One can presumably go blind, lose the ability to walk, and become in other ways unproductive, but as long as there is comprehension, then there is a person that requires treatment suita ble for a person. Koskoosh did not lack comprehension; and while his society had little choice but to leave him behind, that does not explain why members of modern Western society can live plentiful lives and afford many luxuries, but still throw their dying elderly to the wolves by either talking about old age in a negative light, devaluing them when they want to contribute, or simply ignoring them.According to Podgorski, Langford, Pearson, and Conwell, although adults over age 65 compose 12. 4% of the U. S. population, they account for 14% of all suicides. While mental illness will account for some of this, societys low opinion of the elderly does not help. The APAs  Monitor on Psychology  included the following quote in its article  Fighting Ageism: My peers and I are portrayed as dependent, helpless, unproductive and demanding rather than deserving, Roberts testified. In reality, the majority of seniors are self-sufficient, middle-class consumers with more assets than mos t young people, and the time and talent to offer society. It is interesting how, although there are the resources to care for the elderly in this society, for some reason Westerners still think of them as useless, even when their minds fully understand every insulting statement or behavior toward them, as Koskoosh understood everything happening around him, although he could not physically see it. Jack Londons  The Law of Life  is more than just an entertaining story. All humans can relate to its most apparent topic: death is unavoidable. Likewise, there are other parallels a reader draws as well.These morals are timeless and can easily be applied to day as is apparent in that we still rely on nature for survival, there are still ethical questions of abandoning the elderly both physically (as in the story) or symbolically (as our society has in many ways), and we are still subject to natures laws, no matter how far away from the earth we feel we are. Sources: London, Jack. The L aw of Life.   The Bedford Anthology of American Literature Vol 2. Ed 2008. Susan Belasco and Linck Johnson. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2008.Creel, Richard E. Thinking Philosophically. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2001. 240. Podgorski, Carol A. , Linda Langford, Jane Pearson, and Yeates Conwell. Suicide Prevention for Older Adults in Residential Communities: Implications for Policy and Practice.   PLoS  Med7. 5 (2010): n. pag. Web. 27 Mar 2011. 4;gt;. Dittmann, Melissa. Fighting Ageism.   Monitor on Psychology. 34. 5 (2003): 50 More from  Z. J. Ascensio: How to Keep a Grandmother Happy on Thanksgiving Grandson Scam Targets Seniors Seven Excellent Childrens Books Recommended by a Child

Christening Ships, Champagne, and Superstition

Christening Ships, Champagne, and Superstition The ceremony of christening new ships began in the distant past, and we know that Romans, Greeks, and Egyptians all held ceremonies to ask the gods to protect sailors. By the 1800s the christenings of ships began to follow a familiar pattern. A â€Å"christening fluid† would be poured against the bow of the ship, though it was not necessarily wine or Champagne. There are accounts in U.S. Navy records of 19th-century warships being christened with water from significant American rivers. The christening of ships became great public events, with large crowds assembled to witness the ceremony. And it became standard for Champagne, as the most elite of wines, to be used for the christening. The tradition developed that a female would do the honors and be named the sponsor of the ship. Also, maritime superstition held that a ship that wasn’t properly christened would be considered unlucky, and a champagne bottle that didnt break was a particularly bad omen. The Christening of the Maine When the U.S. Navy’s new battle cruiser, the Maine, was christened at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1890, enormous crowds turned out. An article in the New York Times on November 18, 1890, the morning of the ship’s launching, described what was to happen. And it stressed the responsibility weighing on 16-year-old Alice Tracy Wilmerding, the granddaughter of the secretary of the Navy: Miss Wilmerding will have the precious quart bottle secured to her wrist by a short bunch of ribbons, which will serve the same purpose as a sword knot. It is of the utmost importance that the bottle be broken on the first throw, for the bluejackets will declare the vessel is unmanageable if she is permitted to get into the water without first being christened. It is consequently a matter of deep interest to the old â€Å"shellbacks† to learn that Miss Wilmerding has performed her task successfully. An Elaborate Public Ceremony The next day’s edition provided surprisingly detailed coverage of the christening ceremony: Fifteen thousand people – on the word of the watchman at the gate – swarmed about the red hull of the giant battle ship, on the decks of all the assembled vessels, in the upper stories and on the roofs of all the adjacent buildings. The raised platform at the point of the Maine’s ram bow was prettily draped with flags and flowers and upon it with Gen. Tracy and Mr. Whitney stood a party of ladies. Prominent among them was the Secretary’s granddaughter, Miss Alice Wilmerding, with her mother. It was upon Miss Wilmerding that all eyes centred. That young lady, clad in a cream white skirt, a warm black jacket, and a big dark hat with light feathers, wore her honors with a very modest dignity, being fully sensible of the importance of her position. She is scarcely sixteen years old. Her hair in a long braid fell gracefully down her back, and she chatted with her more elderly companions with perfect ease, as though entirely ignorant of the fact that 10,000 pairs of eyes were looking toward her. The bottle of wine which her hands were to break over the formidable bow was a pretty thing indeed – quite too pretty, she said, to be offered up on the shrine of so unfeeling a monster. It was a pint bottle, covered with a network of fine cord. Wound around its full length was a ribbon bearing a picture of the Maine in gold, and from its base hung a knot of varicolored silk pennants ending in a gold tassel. Around its neck were two long ribbons bound in gold lace, one white and one blue. At the ends of the white ribbon were the words, â€Å"Alice Tracy Wilmerding, November 18, 1890,† and at the ends of the blue were the words, â€Å"U.S.S. Maine.† The Maine Enters the Water When the ship was released from restraints, the crowd erupted. â€Å"She moves!† burst from the crowd, and a great cheer went up from the lookers-on, whose excitement, no longer pent up, ran wild. Above all the uproar could be heard Miss Wilmerding’s clear voice. â€Å"I christen thee Maine† she said, accompanying her words with a smash of the bottle hard against the steel of the cruiser’s bow – a performance attended by a great splashing of the effervescent wine, which flew all over the coats of Secretary Tracy and his close companion, ex-Secretary Whitney. The USS Maine, of course, holds a unique place in history as it exploded and sank in Havana harbor in 1898, an event which led to the Spanish-American War. Stories later circulated that the ship’s christening had portended bad luck, yet the newspapers reported a successful christening at the time. Queen Victoria Did the Honors in England A few months later, on February 27, 1891, the New York Times published a dispatch from London describing how Queen Victoria had traveled to Portsmouth and christened a warship of the Royal Navy, with some help from electrical machinery. At the conclusion of the religious service the Queen touched a button protruding from a small electric machine which had been placed in front of the place where her Majesty was standing, and the traditional brightly beribboned bottle of champagne, detached by the current from its position over the bows of the Royal Arthur, crashed upon the vessel’s cutwater, the Queen exclaiming, â€Å"I name thee Royal Arthur. The Curse of Camilla In December 2007 news reports were not so sanguine when a Cunard liner named for Queen Victoria was christened. A reporter from USA Today noted: Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall, the controversial wife of Englands Prince Charles, christened the 2,014-passenger ship earlier this month in an elaborate ceremony in Southampton, England that was marred only by the fact the champagne bottle didnt break - a bad omen in the superstitious seafaring trade. The first cruises of Cunards Queen Victoria were marred by outbreaks of viral illness, an intense vomiting bug, that afflicted passengers. The British press was buzzing with tales of The Curse of Camilla. In the modern world, its easy to scoff at superstitious sailors. But the people stricken aboard the Queen Victoria would probably put some stock into stories about ships and champagne bottles.

Free Essays on The Conspiracy And Assassination Of 1865

The Conspiracy and Assassination of 1865 President Abraham Lincoln dreamt about his own death (Bishop 56). He even stated one day to his bodyguard, â€Å"Crook, do you know, I believe there are men who want to take my life? And I have no doubt they will do so† (Stackpole 10). Unfortunately, this dream and his thoughts became real. John Wilkes Booth initially made plans to kidnap President Lincoln; however, he changed his plans and developed a conspiracy with others to assassinate President Lincoln and other important government officers. John Wilkes Booth disliked President Lincoln, a Republican. Booth’s reasons for disliking the President included that he was seen as a possible threat to everything the South stood for, i.e., his stance against slavery, and his membership in the Republican party (Otfinoski 22). Booth was actually stunned when he found out that his brother, Edwin, had voted for Lincoln in 1860 and that he would vote for him again if and when the time came (Bishop 62). As a result of his feelings he initially made a plan to kidnap Lincoln and bring him to the South for a handsome ransom (Otfinoski 29). Confederate prisoners of war were to be released in exchange for the President, however, this plan failed because Lincoln changed his plans. After the failure of this initial plan, Booth proceeded with numerous others. Late in1864, a plan was devised to kidnap Lincoln during the summer while he was traveling on horseback from the cottage on the grounds of the U.S. Soldier’s home to Washington City. Their Selinger 2 plan was to halt the carriage containing Lincoln. Along with others, Booth planned to use chloroform or to gag and bind the President. Lincoln would then be transported out of the city into secessionist countryside that was southeast of Washington (Stackpole 10). Lincoln discarded this idea because of the weather. Booth abandoned the arrangement because Lincoln no longer went regu... Free Essays on The Conspiracy And Assassination Of 1865 Free Essays on The Conspiracy And Assassination Of 1865 The Conspiracy and Assassination of 1865 President Abraham Lincoln dreamt about his own death (Bishop 56). He even stated one day to his bodyguard, â€Å"Crook, do you know, I believe there are men who want to take my life? And I have no doubt they will do so† (Stackpole 10). Unfortunately, this dream and his thoughts became real. John Wilkes Booth initially made plans to kidnap President Lincoln; however, he changed his plans and developed a conspiracy with others to assassinate President Lincoln and other important government officers. John Wilkes Booth disliked President Lincoln, a Republican. Booth’s reasons for disliking the President included that he was seen as a possible threat to everything the South stood for, i.e., his stance against slavery, and his membership in the Republican party (Otfinoski 22). Booth was actually stunned when he found out that his brother, Edwin, had voted for Lincoln in 1860 and that he would vote for him again if and when the time came (Bishop 62). As a result of his feelings he initially made a plan to kidnap Lincoln and bring him to the South for a handsome ransom (Otfinoski 29). Confederate prisoners of war were to be released in exchange for the President, however, this plan failed because Lincoln changed his plans. After the failure of this initial plan, Booth proceeded with numerous others. Late in1864, a plan was devised to kidnap Lincoln during the summer while he was traveling on horseback from the cottage on the grounds of the U.S. Soldier’s home to Washington City. Their Selinger 2 plan was to halt the carriage containing Lincoln. Along with others, Booth planned to use chloroform or to gag and bind the President. Lincoln would then be transported out of the city into secessionist countryside that was southeast of Washington (Stackpole 10). Lincoln discarded this idea because of the weather. Booth abandoned the arrangement because Lincoln no longer went regu...

Human resource Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human resource - Assignment Example Being a service-oriented company Emirates Airlines aims to provide excellence to its customer and nothing less then that in order to keep growing and meeting its target to become the world best airline. The airline has won more than 400 awards all over the world for its top quality services and consistent performance. To date, the airline is operating in seventy different countries and it flies over 120 destinations across the world. Almost every day, Emirates Airlines fly in and out of Dubai and around over 1200 flights fly from Dubai towards six different continents. Emirates airline alone accounts for 40 percent of the flights coming and going out of Dubai (Birtles, 1998). Currently, the company operates with more then 170 aircrafts. The airline is famous for its in-flight cuisine and, excellent entertainment system and excellent services and overall experience. Human Resource Management The basic purpose of the Human Resource Management is to meet the company’s strategic g oal and objectives by incorporating the right type of employees in to the company and by provide them the right amount of satisfaction by meeting their needs and making them comfortable with the companies operations. Specifically, it is responsible for the useful and capable use of inadequate human resource. Since service is one the most important element in the airline, industry it becomes extremely significant to take every action to ensure that the customers travelling through Emirates Airline get an unmatched and unparalleled customer service experience. Thus, training and development becomes a key factor for the Emirates Airline as it helps the people working there to serve its customer in the best possible manner (Bundhun, 2011). The cabin crew of Emirates is considered the best in this business. The special thing about this crew is that it contains people with variety of nationalities. According to report by the Emirates Airline, the crew comes from over a 120 countries speak ing 80 plus languages. The cabin crew is in charge for the plane onboard operations since it is directly in contact with its customers (Collins, 2002). The company spends mere 5 to 6 percent of its revenue on training and development as opposed to any other airline company that at an average spends only 3 to 4 percent. Training and Development Training and development program is an important part of any service-oriented organization like the Emirates Airline. With the help of training and development programs employees overall productivity and efficiency increases which results in providing better services to its customers (Jha, 2005). Once the training is complete employees are benefitted with big allowances and increment in their salaries as their worth to the organization increase. Emirates Airline has a very effective training and development program designed for its employees. It is a three-step program the first step being the assessment, which requires some questions to be an swered like what is required, when and where it is required, and by whom it is required. Once the answer to these questions have been determined we move on to the next step which is the training activity conducted in order to complete the necessities of the first step. The last step is the evaluation step designed to measure the results of the second step and the overall impact on

E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry Research Paper

E.E Cummings and His Influences to Writing Poetry - Research Paper Example Cummings was a controversial poet whose status was preceded by his poetic influence. It is noteworthy that Cumming grew in a strict Unitarian home (Dendinger, 89). However, this did not deter him from fulfilling his ambitions. He felt that his parents did not understand his free spirit, and the unique view he had about life. However, his liberated mind and the encouragement he was getting from his parents resulted into adoption of these controversial styles of writing poetry. In addition, his enrolment into school only functioned to fuel his thoughts about having a free spirit. Therefore, he did not take schoolwork as serious as anyone of his calibre was expected to by the society. In any way, it is while attending school that he developed the rebellion towards the frame of references of life. His attack on the mass mind and conservative patterns of contemplation as well as the restrictions the society had on expression originated from his staunch devotion to the person. He therefore believed in â€Å"the simple faith in the miracle of mans individuality’ (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). Therefore, in most of his works, he always blamed man, but idealised personality. He thus directed his critics against the foes of individual, by letting no man rest in what he believes he knows. The rhetorical function of his language is based on this foundation. Therefore, this shows that Cumming’s influences to poetry started at a tender age when he stared composing points at only ten years (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 157). This means that his open-minded and at times lenient parents encouraged him early in his life to delve into his creative side. In addition, Metcalf (374) notes that Dante who was an author but died even before Dante was born also influenced the early works of Cummings. This influence is reflected in the non-lectures that Cummings gave to the audiences he addressed. However, it was not Dante alone but also Dickens and Mallory. However, it is his controve rsial address to the Graduating class at Harvard University brought him into the public eye. This talk was about new art, in which he dismissed the admired poet Amy Lowell by referring to her as abnormal (Bay-Cheng and Cole, 160). Some of Dante’s influences are reflected in the passages of some of the works of Cumming such as â€Å"Inferno†. In this piece of work, overt references appear in brief in his passages (Metcalf, 380). Most of these references serve to underpin Cumming’s ironic and negative thoughts of the modern world. However, this influence presents itself in a different way when Cumming, just like Dante, goes through an onerous journey just to safeguard his free spirited claims. Dendinger (95) asserts that his difficult journey is talked about in the novel â€Å"Emmi† where he has quoted Dante’s optimistic visions towards life from â€Å"Vita Nuova and â€Å"Paradiso†. Another example of Cummings works is the â€Å"So shy shy shy† poem that has a conspicuous similitude to an extract â€Å"Vita Nuova†. Therefore, these comparisons suggest that most of Cummings directions in poetry were influenced by Dante’s work. His move to Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps in New York with a long time friend from college contributed in part to his poetic influences (Bay-Cheng and Cole Barbara, 162). This is because he was putting his thoughts to practice concerning what he believes is right. He was, thus trying to deviate from the norm of fresh college graduates joining

Socialism Essay Example for Free

Socialism Essay The years between 1815-1848 saw the rise of a number of related and competing ideologies, one of them being Socialism. Socialism sought economic equality for all, and was very much against the the Laissez Faire ideal of liberalism. There were different forms of socialism as it evolved over the years. Throughout the 19th century, Europe saw an uprising and evolution of socialism led by key names Karl Marx, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen. It created equality for the majority of workers and prompted ideas of revolution. Socialism was partly rooted in the French Revolution, with a number of radical Jacobins taking the idea of political equality for all and moving it to the next step: economic equality for all through the common ownership of all property. The earliest socialist writers were coined â€Å"Utopian Socialists† by Karl Marx. Marx believed the earliest socialists offered non-scientific, unrealistic solutions to the problems of modern society. One of the influential early socialist thinkers was Count Henri de Saint-Simon. He argued the key to progress was proper organization. He also thought in highly moralistic terms. He said that every social institution must make improving conditions for the poor their main goal. In around 1830, another socialist thinker emerged: Charles Fourier. He took another approach. He was a fierce defender of freedom of choice. He established utopian communities, each with 1,620 people, where free love and voluntary unions were the norm. Many women were enthusiastic followers of Fourier because he was an early proponent of the total emancipation of women. The socialist Louis Blanc fought for a whole different right. He wanted the right to work. He believed the government should provide jobs when the private sector could not. These early Socialists birthed the ideology, but they had relatively little impact in comparison with Marx’s proletarian socialism. In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto, which became the bible of socialism. Early Socialism was most prevalent in France, since it benefited the majority of citizens. It was mostly concentrated in France because early French utopian socialists interacted with the experiences of French urban workers. Workers cherished the memory of the radical phase of the French Revolution, and they despised the laissez-faire laws that denied workers the right to organize. Workers favored collective action and government intervention in economic life. These aspirations of the workers directly connected to utopian theorists, and a genuine socialist movement emerged in Paris in the 1830’s. From here, Karl Marx was left the task of establishing effective socialist foundations. Socialist ideas favored the working class, because the primary reason it started was to make the proletariats more equal to the bourgeoisie. Socialism looked at the free-market economies of Western Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and saw exploited workers leading miserable existences while manufacturers profited enormously. Socialists felt that since the rich benefited so much, the poor should get some benefits too, since their labor supported the entire system. Karl Marx even predicted that the proletariat class would one day arise and supplant those capitalists who had exploited them. The Revolts of 1848 represented the power of the middle and lower classes. These revolts were started as an attempt to achieve universal male suffrage. The socialists showed the workers there is a solution to the severely divided social classes. The proletariats attempted to destroy the bourgeoisies for economic equality. The middle class were the victims and many lives were taken in 1848 during the horrific â€Å"June Days. Because of the lack of leadership and organization, the working class failed in their revolution. These revolts represented the idea of socialism but also showed how much power the upper classes possessed. It is almost impossible to have a perfect socialist society and the socialists and working class of 19th century Europe failed to create one. However, the revolts and ideas of socialist thinkers showed how important the working class is. Socialism is a very important factor in the history of the 19th century. That influence has extended into present days, where there are still socialist ideologies.

Energy Production Essay -- Environment, Natural Gas

In today’s society, it’s nearly impossible to open a newspaper, fire up a computer, or hold a conversation that isn’t someway related to energy. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution over a century and a half ago, nothing has been more pivotal to mankind’s rise to power as the apex species of planet earth. Had our ancestors not discovered the potential of using million year old plant and animal remains to create combustible power, the world would look very different. There is no denying that energy production is one of, if not, the most important developments in human history. After a hundred and fifty years of recklessly burning oil and coal, we find ourselves having to deal with the literal mess unforeseen by our industrious forefathers. No longer can the repercussions of our unsustainable addiction to fossil fuels be ignored nor can we defer the task of finding a solution to the next generation of humans. â€Å"Energy use and its cost are rising worldwide, most countries remain dependent on oil imports, and little progress has been made toward curbing climate change† (Deutch 2011). This inconvenient truth has left governments, environmentalists, and consumers scrambling to develop a way to provide massive amounts of energy at an affordable cost while significantly reducing our harmful carbon emissions. In a perfect world alternative, clean energy should have been pursued intensively when true magnitude of oil instability was first revealed in the 1970’s but better late than never. There are dozens, if not hundreds of oil and coal alternatives that are being considered, however, while many options look promising in theory the overwhelming majority of them such as: wind, solar, and biofuel just aren’t economically feas... ...to guide the design of the study. The initial research results from the study are expected until the end of 2012 with a goal for a report in 2014. ANH International. "About Us | ANH International." Welcome to Alliance for Natural Health International | ANH International. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 1. "A Huge Fracking Mess." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 2. "Campaigns." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 3. "Overview." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

Huckleberry Finn: hero or villain?

Originally developed in Spain, one of the various styles of writing used by authors is that of the picaresque novel, which involves a picaro, or rogue hero, usually on a journey, and incorporates an episodic plot through various conflicts. Mark Twain's novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (AHF), is a picaresque novel, marked by its episodic plot with a unifying theme of the river and the characterization of Huck Finn as a rogue hero. The novel's periodic plot is demonstrated by Huck's many adventures in separate episodes having independent conflicts. Gary Weiner, a former English teacher, states that â€Å"the picaresque novel is [†¦ episodic. Various scenes may have little to do with one another, and entire scenes may be removed without markedly altering the plot as a whole† (88). The conflicts that govern Huck's encounters with people like the dishonest and devious king and the duke, the Grangerford family, or Colonel Sherburn are very different and disconnected from one another. Whereas one episode involves two crooks, the duke and the king, the other involves a long-standing family feud between the Grangerford and Sheperdson families, and the third involves a Colonel defending his honor, with very little connection among the episodes. Tom Quirk, an author, editor, and English professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia, also purports that â€Å"Huckleberry Finn is a highly episodic book, and the arrangement of episodes observes no incontestable narrative logic. The feud chapters precede rather than follow the Boggs shooting not for self-evident artistic reasons but because we are to suppose that is the order in which Huck lived them† (97). The different conflicts exhibit the novel's picaresque style and are used to relate the story of a wandering rogue hero. Though the story's plot is episodic in nature, there is, however, a unifying factor of the river, shown through the conflict and water diction. John C. Gerber, a well-known Twain scholar, affirms in â€Å"Mark Twain: Overview† that though â€Å"episodic in nature, the story nevertheless holds together because of the river [and] the constant presence of Huck as narrator†. Every episode in the book takes place along the banks of the Mississippi River, as Huck and Jim travel down the mighty river, trying to find Cairo. From the crashed steamboat to the Royal Nonesuch spectacles along the riverside towns, the small conflicts are related by their proximity to the river. Leo Marx, Senior Lecturer and William R. Kenan Professor of American Cultural History Emeritus at MIT, cites T. S. Eliot, a poet and also another critic, in saying that â€Å"‘The River gives the book its form. But for the River, the book might be only a sequence of adventures with a happy ending'† (12). Water diction is used to purvey a sense of the unifying river in the book. As Huck and Jim raft down the river from Jackson Island, Huck comments: â€Å"Two or three days and nights went by; I reckon I might say they swum by, they slid along so quiet and smooth and lovely† (AHF 129). The river physically holds the story together and also underlies the whole novel. Huck can be compared to Weiner's definition of a Picaresque hero as: â€Å"The picaresque novel is a witty, satirical form that revolves around the exploits of a lower-class hero of dubious morals, often called a ‘rogue hero. ‘ This hero lives by his wits as he moves through the various strata of his society. The hero is constantly in and out of trouble but often uses his street-smarts to emerge from compromising situations. † (87) To that extent, these four character traits are seen in the hero of the story, Huckleberry Finn. Huck can be characterized as having dubious morals through his actions and reasoning. Huck justifies some of his immoral actions, such as stealing, by using his pap's own actions as a precedent. Quirk states, â€Å"Huck is often capable of pseudomoralizing, citing his pap as authority for lifting a chicken or borrowing a melon† (92). As Huck tells the reader during the preparations to help Jim escape from the Phelps residence, â€Å"Along during that morning I borrowed a sheet and white shirt off of the clothes-line [†¦ ] I called it borrowing because that was what pap always called it [†¦ ]† (AHF 256). Also, Huck rationalizes his immoral action when he sneaks into a circus without paying. He defends his action by saying that he did not need to waste money: â€Å"I ain't opposed to spending money on circuses, [†¦ ] but there ain't no use in wasting it on them† (AHF 159). Huck, therefore, carries out improper and immoral actions akin to thievery. Weiner verifies this: â€Å"there is no honor among thieves, and Huck, by necessity, has become one of them† (83). Thus, Huck demonstrates the characteristic of being a rogue hero through his immoral actions and their justification. Rogue heroes travel ‘through' various social strata; through the episodes that Huck experiences, Twain presents the many levels of antebellum Mississippi valley American social strata. Huck starts traveling with Jim, a runaway slave, down the Mississippi river, and eventually befriends him, a lower class individual. Huck, after playing a cruel joke on Jim, apologizes to him. This is highly out of convention for the milieu of the time, as Jim is naught more than a slave, while Huck is a white boy: â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger – but I done it, and I warn't sorry for it afterwards, neither† (AHF 98). This exemplifies one instance where Huck mingles with a person of a lower class. Additionally, Huck cares enough about Jim that he resolves himself to free his friend and suffer the consequences: â€Å"I studied a minute [†¦ ] then says to myself, ‘All right. Then, I'll go to hell' [†¦ I would go to work and steal Jim out of slavery again [†¦ ]† (AHF 228). Huck sacrifices the most valuable part of himself, his soul, to stay with his lower class friend Jim. Huck also interacts with people of higher social classes: â€Å"Tom Sawyer, his aunt, the Widow Douglas, and Miss Watson are all drawn from the middle class. The Sheperdsons and Grangerfords represent the wealthy, aristocratic upper class† (Weiner 73). Miss Watson, who cares for Huck in the beginning, and the Widow Douglas are not overly wealthy, but do have several slaves (AHF 11). The Phelps family, who Huck mingles with when they mistake him for Tom Sawyer, also belongs to the middle class. Huck describes them as well-off, but not overly wealthy family: â€Å"Phelps's was one of these little one-horse cotton plantations†(AHF 232). The cotton plantations were very successful at the time, but the Phelps's is one of a smaller size, denoting their middle-class status. When Huck arrives at the residence of the Grangerfords, an upper-class, aristocratic family who he stays with, he describes: â€Å"It was a mighty nice family, and a mighty nice house, too. I hadn't seen no house out in the country before that was so nice and had so much style† (AHF 112). Huck also describes the house as having features like a fireplace and other luxuries that only the affluent could afford. Therefore, Huck satisfies another requirement of the rogue hero, interacting with characters from various social classes. Another facet of the picaresque hero is his constant entanglement with trouble. Each episode that Huck experiences, embroils him in that conflict until he escapes to stumble into the next conflict. After the episode where Huck and Jim are separated in the fog, they encounter a group of slave-hunters; following that, more trouble befalls them as a steamboat runs into their raft, forcing Huck into the water. Eventually, Huck washes up on the property of the Grangerfords, where he faces the next conflict. In his attempts to escape from trouble, Huck often inadvertently stumbles into more trouble. Huck quick-wittedly answers â€Å"‘Goodness sakes, would a runaway nigger run south? ‘† to the king and the duke's wondering if Jim is a runaway slave (AHF 138). However, according to R. J. Fertel, a Twain scholar, Huck's quick-witted answer â€Å"gets [Jim and Huck] out of the frying pan and into the fire: the duke responds by printing the slave bills that enable their rafting by day and that leads ultimately to Jim's being sold back into slavery† (92). The different conflicts in the story as well as Huck's responses and reactions get Huck often into trouble. Finally, Huck fulfills the fourth criterion for a rogue hero by using wits and practical knowledge of the world to avoid or escape from trouble. Whenever Huck is tangled in a problem, he concocts a story for himself on the spot and manages his way out of trouble. According to Fertel, â€Å"[Huck], [†¦ ] [is] an improviser always ready with a tall tale or scheme or counter scheme [†¦ ] Huck's improvising is [†¦ ] harmless, brought to bear on others only to avoid trouble† (94). After Huck tries to slip away from the duke and the king after the townsfolk find out that the two are not the real relatives of the deceased man, Peter Wilks, the king catches Huck and asks if he was trying to give them the slip. Huck quickly lies that the man â€Å"‘that had aholt of me was very good to me [†¦ ] and he was sorry to see a boy in such a dangerous fix; [†¦ he [let] go of me and whispers ‘Heel it now, or they'll hang ye for sure! ‘ and I lit out'† (AHF 219). Similarly, when Jim is in danger of being discovered by raftsmen, he quickly lies to them and convinces them that his father has smallpox: â€Å"‘[†¦ ] gentlemen, if you'll only pull ahead, and let me heave you the head-line, you won' t have to come a-near the raft;'† the men immediately back off: â€Å"‘Keep away, boy – keep to looard. [†¦ ] Your pap's got the smallpox and you know it precious well. [†¦ ] Do you want to spread it al over? ‘† (AHF 103). Huck lies again to protect himself as well as Jim. In addition, he uses his practical knowledge to support his story when he is cornered by Mrs. Judith Loftus. To see if Huck was really from a farm, as he had told her while in the guise of a girl, she asks him questions, such as â€Å"‘Which side of a tree does the most moss grow on? ‘† to which Huck promptly and correctly answers â€Å"‘North side;'† Huck's practical knowledge convinces her, as she responds, â€Å"‘Well, I reckon you have lived in the country,'† and relieves Huck of momentary trouble (AHF 71). Quickly concocting stories and lies as well as utilizing practical knowledge characterize Huck's wit, fulfilling this criterion of the rogue hero. An episodic plot and Huck Finn as a rogue hero establish Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as a picaresque novel. The plot consists of many episodes with separate and disconnected conflicts, all bound by the river. Huck Finn can be characterized as a rogue hero, thus fulfilling all the necessary criteria for the picaresque novel.

Financial Accounting Theory & the Reporting Environment Essay

5. Researchers who develop positive theories and researchers who develop normative theories often do not share the same views about the roles of their respective approaches to theory construction. (a) How do positive and normative theories differ? (b) Can positive theories assist normative theories, or vice versa? If yes, give an example. If not, why not? Normative accounting research makes policy recommendations and is concerned with what should be done in contrast to explaining why current practice is carried out in the manner that it is (positive theory). Normative theorists usually attempt to derive either the ‘true income’ or adopt the ‘decision — usefulness’ approach whereby accounting reports are an input into users’ decisions (e.g., to buy or sell shares, management decisions on the financial wealth of firms, etc.). The major issues are the impact of the changing price environment (prices) and the impact on income, assets, liabilities a nd equity. As a consequence many normative theorists are measurement theorists who attempt to incorporate the effects of inflation into accounting reports. In this sense they take a semantic viewpoint — relating the figures in the accounting reports to actual objects (assets, liabilities) or events (changes in inflation). To some extent the approach of the IASB is a normative approach. Positive accounting theory was a reversion to testing or relating accounting theories back to the ‘facts’ or ‘experiences’ of the real world. Examples of such research were questionnaires and surveys of bank officers or investors regarding their use of financial reports for decision making; or whether inflation adjusted accounting reports actually aided decision making. Current positive accounting research is aimed at explaining the reasons for actual accounting practices and in predicting the role of accounting data in economic, political and social decision making. P ositive theory has expanded accounting theory from the purely decision making focus of normative theorists into analysis of political and economic factors. Using the normative recommendation of IFRS, that fair values should be used in financial statements, a positive theorists would first undertake a number of empirical tests to see if they are actually useful/used by decision makers in their valuation models. In this sense they complement each other – normative theory the deductive analysis with positive theory the empirical verification. 7. Classify the following hypotheses according to whether they are conclusions of positive or normative theories. Explain your answers. (a) Historical cost accounting should be replaced by a market value system. (b) Historical cost accounting provides information used by creditors. (c) Historical cost accounting is used by many managers to allocate costs in determining divisional performance. (a) normative (b) positive (c) positive Page 1 of 37 10. The decision-usefulness approach to theory development can be used to develop theories of accounting. a) Explain what is meant by the decision-usefulness approach to theory development. b) How can the decision-usefulness approach relate to accounting theory formulation? c) Give two examples of decisions that require data obtained from accounting reports. The decision-usefulness approach is an instrumentalist approach (see diagram p.25). In a narrower sense, one direct test of an overall theory of accounting would be to determine whether the output data of the accounting systems, which are constructed on the basis of the overall theory, are useful to users. The data of the accounting systems are utilised by users in their prediction models, and the conclusions (predictions) are then used in their decision models. The problem is that if the prediction is verified, it verifies the prediction model, not the accounting system and its output. There are other variables besides accounting data that affect the prediction. We do not know how the accounting data were utilised. Also, if the decision turns out to be right, it verifies the decision model, not the accounting system. Interpreting the evidence on decision-making is extremely difficult. We do not know how to interpret the evidence to determine that accounting information is useful. Th us, a direct test is virtually impossible. Accounting standard setters usually determine usefulness with the weaker, more direct tests which are usually advanced by accounting committee setting bodies and include: relevance, verifiability, freedom from bias, timeliness, comparability, reliability and understandability. Some decisions: To invest in a firm’s stock (i) (ii) To loan funds to a firm (iii) To purchase or buy an asset. GHTHH Chapter 4 1. How do conceptual frameworks of accounting attempt to create a theory of accounting? Describe the components of the IASB Framework and how they contribute to a theory of accounting. Conceptual frameworks (such as those developed in the United States, Australia and at the IASC/IASB) do not employ the term ‘theory’ because of the difficulty of demonstrating logical consistency and in gathering empirical evidence to corroborate the theory. However, by following a structured program of inter-related concepts, accounting regulators aim to use the conceptual framework to achieve consistent accounting standards that will replace ad hoc solutions to specific problems. In this context, the components of the conceptual framework can be viewed as the building blocks of a theory of accounting. The components of the IASB/Australian Framework are: objectives of financial statements; qualitative characteristics of financial information (such as relevance, reliability, comparability, timeliness and understandability); and definitions of the basic elements of accounting reports (such as assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, expenses and profit) and principles and ru les of recognition and measurement of the basic elements, and the nature of the information to be displayed in financial reports. (Refer page 55 of text) 3. What does the IASB Framework describe as the basic objective of accounting? What are its implications? Stewardship looks primarily to the past, asking the question: What happened? Decision making looks to consequences in the future, asking the question: What will happen? A decision-making approach sees accounting information as inputs for the decision-making prediction models of users. If so, then we are concerned about what kind of accounting information is relevant to decision makers. Some believe that current value is implied. Also that statement of financial position accounts and their amounts are as important as those in the income statement. Traditional accounting emphasises income. Page 2 of 37 6. Explain the role of accounting in relation to: (a) individuals (b) firms (c) the Australian economy. Accounting information helps to efficiently allocate capital in the economy. The successful operation of a free economy depends, to a large extent, on the good judgements made by individuals about their investment opportunities and the investment opportunities of firms. People need information to decide where to invest or lend, and at what price. In relation to firms, accounting information forms the basis for many contracts, such as debt contracts that include covenants specifying that the firm will not allow its leverage ratio to exceed a certain level, or management compensation plans that provide managers with bonuses based on reported corporate earnings. As such, the firm’s cash flows are tied to accounting numbers. Since the value of the firm is the present value of all future cash flows and those cash flows are tied to accounting numbers, accounting numbers determine the value of the firm. In relation to the economy, accounting information plays a vital role in the equitable allocation of capital, and it contributes to the effective performance of the price system. The effective operation of our economy means that efficient and inefficient companies must be identified, so that resources are channelled to the former and away from the latter in order to have a ‘successful’ economic system. What would happen, after a long period of time, if ‘incorrect’ information is reported? The economic system would become inefficient (because of the existence of many inefficient firms), causing serious economic problems to all. 7. Can accounting ever provide an unbiased map of economic reality? Why or why not? Yes. Criticisms of neutrality or freedom from bias take two forms. First, some argue it is a state of mind that is not attainable, because all of us are affected by personal values that have been shaped by our particular beliefs, traditions, environment, background and personality. Granted that this is true, it is still meaningful to speak of neutrality or freedom from bias. We recognise the existence of these influences on our perceptions. The idea is to control them within an acceptable range. Second, some contend that neutrality or freedom from bias is not operational, because we cannot be expected to read other people’s minds. However, it is possible to translate neutrality or freedom from bias into operational terms by establishing specific control devices that are external and subject to examination. Control devices are the means by which the notion of objectivity receives operational meaning. Control devices have to do with making public or external what is essentially inter nal or introspective. Rules and procedures under the heading of disclosure, consistency, comparability, and materiality as well as GAAP are practical control devices. In the accounting literature, practical control devices under the heading of objectivity have taken the following three forms: ï‚ · to make specific and precise the concepts and procedures of accounting, and to obtain general agreement on them ï‚ · to determine a consensus of the measure among a number of experts ï‚ · to improve the standards of competence and ethics of the profession. Accountants must construct unbiased or neutral financial maps of economic reality. Otherwise, as Solomons warns, ‘If it ever became accepted that accounting might be used to achieve other than purely measurement ends, faith in it would be destroyed’. Page 3 of 37